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Dashes, quotes, primes, spaces and ornaments. Punctuation has no regulator, which is the fact that organises everything here: Unicode fixes which character a mark *is* and says nothing about when to use it, while the style authorities prescribe usage and disagree with one another — so the answer to whether an em dash takes spaces is genuinely different on either side of the Atlantic and neither side is wrong. The distinctions that cause real trouble are between characters that look nearly identical and behave differently: hyphen against en dash against minus, straight tick against curly quote against prime, space against non-breaking space. Several marks here are obsolete and recorded as such, because a reader meets a manicule or an asterism in an old book and cannot look either up by shape anywhere else.
The marks that are not letters, and why so many of them look alike.
The long dash — this one — that interrupts a sentence.
The middle-length dash used for ranges: 1914–18.
The short stroke that joins parts of one word.
An invisible mark that says where a word may break.
A space that refuses to let a line break at it.
Paired opening and closing marks, as against the straight typewriter tick.
Straight slanted ticks for feet, inches, minutes and seconds.
Angled double arrowheads used as quotation marks across much of Europe.
A question mark and an exclamation mark superimposed.
A reversed question mark, proposed for a rhetorical question.
A small pointing hand in the margin, drawn to say 'look here'.
Three asterisks in a triangle, marking a break between passages.
A row of three spaced asterisks marking a scene break.
A printed leaf or flower used as an ornament or a divider.
A dagger with two crossbars, the third footnote mark in the sequence.
Asterisk, dagger, double dagger, section, parallels, pilcrow — in that order.
Two vertical bars, the fifth mark in the footnote sequence.
An N with a raised o: 'number', in most of Europe.
A pair of ticks meaning 'the same as the line above'.
A small starred cross used in Japanese and Chinese text for a note.