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An italic capital A or F, the constant-volume counterpart of Gibbs energy.
Also known as: Helmholtz energy, Work function, Helmholtz function
The Helmholtz energy is the criterion for spontaneity at constant volume rather than constant pressure, which makes it the physicist's free energy where Gibbs is the chemist's. It is written A by IUPAC and F by most physics texts, and F also means force.
Denotes the Helmholtz energy, internal energy minus temperature times entropy.
Contexts: Laboratory
Governs spontaneity at constant temperature and volume, as Gibbs energy does at constant temperature and pressure.
Contexts: Laboratory
Is written A in IUPAC's recommendations and F in most physics literature, where it collides with force.
Contexts: Laboratory
An italic capital letter A, two diagonal strokes meeting at a point with a horizontal crossbar, or a capital F.