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Marks telling the eye to go back.
Also known as: Return marks, Kanbun reading marks
The Japanese marks placed beside a Chinese text to show the order in which its characters are to be read in Japanese.
Reorder the characters of a Chinese text into Japanese word order for reading aloud.
Contexts: Language and transcription
Instruct the eye to move backward and then forward again, so the notation encodes a traversal of the text rather than anything about the text itself — closer to a program than to punctuation.
Contexts: Language and transcription
Exist because Japanese and Chinese put the verb in different places, so a Japanese reader could read Chinese characters but not in the order they were written.
Contexts: Language and transcription
Small numerals, hooks and characters set at the lower left of the characters they reorder, read as instructions to jump backward before continuing.