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The apparatus of written language: punctuation, editorial and reference marks, diacritics, and the typographic signs that direct a reader through a text.
Here when the mark's job is done to a piece of writing. A sign that stands for a quantity is mathematical, and one that stands for a sound is a phonetic notation, even where the same glyph does all three jobs in different settings.
Mostly historically documented. Punctuation has a traceable printed lineage, and where a mark's shape changed the record says when and in whose hands.
All 643symbols in this domain, A–Z.
A script commissioned for an empire.
A script invented by two teenagers.
A borrowed mark in a new script.
A plus sign beneath a letter, marking a fronter articulation.
A script that outlived its language.
An upside-down r, for the r sound of English red.
An exclamation-mark shape, for a sharp popping click.
The letter l, used in phonetic transcription for an l sound.
A double vertical stroke, for a lateral click.
A letter r without its upper arc, for a single flapped r.
The letter r, used in phonetic transcription for a rolled r.
A transcription tradition of its own.
A looping mark meaning 'and', developed from a ligature of the Latin 'et'.
Pictures for a language that also had cuneiform.
A mark closing a passage.
Text the editor adds because the ancient writer left it out.
A raised dot dividing a clause.
A horizontal stroke below the syllable.
A dot above a letter, marking a nasal.
A two-faced nasal mark.
Two stacked wavy strokes, meaning 'roughly equal to'.
A comma turned the other way.
A pointer to a note below.
A divider between hemistichs.
A mark opening a numbered reference.
A mark opening a line of verse.
A question mark facing left.
One character meaning 'year'.
The hand the Hebrew Bible is written in.
A half nasal, mostly historic.
One ring instead of two.
A mark above a vowel showing exclamation or stress.
A colon-like mark ending an Armenian sentence.
A mark placed over the questioned syllable.
A raised letter h marking a puff of air.
A small radiating star used to flag a footnote or an omission.
In scholarship, a form nobody attested — reconstructed, not recorded.
A star marking a line as genuine.
Three asterisks in a triangle, marking a break between passages.
A lower-case a enclosed by a curling stroke, used in email addresses and handles.
A mark showing an elided initial vowel.
A script built to record sound exactly.
A capital letter B with a single vertical stroke rising above and below it, the sign for the Thai baht.
The Balinese vowel canceller.
A mark punctuating Balinese script.
A king's script that became a syllabary.
A mark closing a text.
A script recovered from the diaspora.
A script for the ritual specialist.
A Philippine script with a modern revival.
A colonial fix for a real defect.
An invocation opening a document.
A distinct form of a consonant without its vowel.
A circle with a central dot, for a lip-smacking click.
A small capital B, for a trill made with both lips.
A capital B with two vertical strokes, used for bitcoin.
The rotation design, adapted once more.
A symbol language meant to need no translation.
A wavy underline instructing that text be set in bold.
Text present on the object that the editor judges a mistake.
The earliest Indian text dividers.
A single dot marking omission or possession.
A cell with no dots raised, marking a space.
A cell marking the following text as bold.
A dot-six cell marking the next letter as a capital.
A tripled capital sign marking a run of capitals.
A doubled capital sign marking a whole word as capitals.
A lower cell closing quoted speech.
A single lower dot marking a pause.
A single cell standing for the whole word and.
A single cell standing for the letter pair ar.
A single cell standing for the ending ble.
A single cell standing for the letter pair ch.
A single cell standing for the letter pair er.
A single cell standing for the whole word for.
A single cell standing for the ending ing.
A single cell standing for the letter pair sh.
A single cell standing for the letter pair th.
A single cell standing for the whole word the.
A single cell standing for the whole word with.
The convention numbering the six cell positions one to six.
A lower cell marking emphasis or an exclamation.
A cell in the lower part of the frame ending a sentence.
A cell suspending contractions for what follows.
A two-dot cell joining words or breaking a line.
A cell marking the following text as italic.
A cell forcing what follows to be read as a letter.
A cell marking the following characters as digits.
A lower cell opening quoted speech.
A lower cell marking an interrogative.
Six dot positions in two columns of three.
Two dots beneath a letter, marking breathy voice.
A sign of letters left out.
One of four living Philippine scripts.
A filled dot marking an item in a list.
An invisible character at the head of a file, declaring encoding.
A crescent for a borrowed vowel.
A dot above a crescent, marking a nasalised vowel.
A crescent cancelling a vowel.
Three lines under a letter instructing that it be set as a capital.
An upward wedge in the text showing where something is to be inserted.
Letters that look Greek and are not.
The rotation principle, applied again.
A script read from beneath another text.
A Javanese nasal mark.
An Iberian system for a Celtic language.
A lower-case c crossed by a vertical stroke, marking a hundredth of a currency unit.
Two dots above a letter, marking a central articulation.
A Brahmic script across two states.
A script of a state that ended.
A pitch drawn against a wall.
A syllabary made by a man who could not read.
Double angle brackets around a title.
Complex numeral characters used on cheques.
A character standing for the one before it.
A raised dot inside a foreign name.
A Khwarazmian chancery hand.
Vietnamese written in Chinese characters.
See, cf, contra — a small vocabulary saying how the source relates.
Right-angle brackets used as quotation marks in East Asia.
The letter u, for the vowel of English goose.
A turned m, for a high back unrounded vowel.
A barred u, for a high central rounded vowel.
A barred i, for a high central vowel.
The letter y, for the vowel of French tu.
The letter i, for the vowel of English fleece.
The letter o, for the vowel of French eau.
A ram's horns shape, for an unrounded back vowel.
A barred o, for a close-mid central rounded vowel.
A reversed e, for a close-mid central vowel.
A slashed o, for the vowel of French peu.
The letter e, for the vowel of French ete.
Two facing arcs instructing that a space be removed.
A letter written beneath a letter.
The symbol, a year and a name — and why it is no longer required.
A capital C inside a circle (©), used to indicate a claim of copyright in a work.
A mark closing a section.
A tilde beneath a letter, marking creaky voice.
Rotation carries the vowel.
The dense block of sigla at the foot of a scholarly edition recording variant readings.
Bracketed numbers after a clue, giving the answer's letter count and word breaks.
Daggers around text the editor believes is corrupt and cannot repair.
A sign that is written and never said.
Paired opening and closing marks, as against the straight typewriter tick.
Greek written in syllables.
A barred D for a different sound.
A dot inside a Hebrew letter.
A cross-shaped mark with a long lower arm, used as a second footnote mark.
A hidden long a.
Two short strokes at a kana's upper right.
A single vertical stroke ending a sentence.
A small raised circle marking degrees of temperature, angle or arc.
A looped stroke in the margin instructing that marked text be removed.
The third script on the stone.
A single vertical stroke, for a tutting click.
A small bridge beneath a letter, marking tooth contact.
A phonemic alphabet for a territory.
A raised ring marking a shortened word.
A row of three spaced asterisks marking a scene break.
A doubled upright stroke.
A pair of ticks meaning 'the same as the line above'.
The script the Maldives used before Thaana.
A horizontal stroke with a dot above and below, indicating division.
A Jammu hand related to Sharada.
An S crossed by one or two vertical strokes, used for dollar and peso currencies.
A lower-case letter d crossed by a short horizontal stroke through its ascender, with a line beneath, the sign for the Vietnamese đồng.
Pictographs still being written.
A dagger with two crossbars, the third footnote mark in the sequence.
A downward arrow marking a lowered pitch register.
A staff read as a kit.
A shorthand that became a script.
A picture that fixes the meaning.
A raised apostrophe marking an ejective consonant.
An Albanian alphabet from one manuscript.
A rounded epsilon meaning membership of a set.
Three dots marking an omission or a trailing-off in speech.
The long dash — this one — that interrupts a sentence.
The middle-length dash used for ranges: 1914–18.
An ornate circular mark containing a verse number.
A short teardrop stroke used only between list items.
Two short horizontal parallel lines (=), denoting that the values on either side are equal.
Notation for text deliberately removed from the object in antiquity.
A semicolon that asks.
Four dots in a square closing a sentence.
A mark opening a passage.
Two stacked dots separating words.
A rounded E crossed by two horizontal strokes, marking the euro.
A vertical stroke above a dot, marking emphasis.
A vertical stem with a mark at the top, for the highest pitch.
A vertical stem with a mark at the foot, for the lowest pitch.
A small breve above a letter, marking a very short sound.
Five letters that change shape at the end.
A hand for each letter.
A printed leaf or flower used as an ornament or a divider.
A bullet opening a paragraph.
Asterisk, dagger, double dagger, section, parallels, pilcrow — in that order.
A fixed order of marks used where numbers are unsuitable.
Latin capitals, some upside down.
Small kana beside a character.
An alphabet for Wolof.
A cluster of dots dividing text.
A stroke marking an abbreviation.
Two strokes marking a multi-letter short form.
The first Slavic alphabet.
A falling arrow marking falling intonation.
A rising arrow marking rising intonation.
A question mark without its dot, for a catch in the throat.
An angle bracket opening to the left, stating that the left value is larger.
A phonetic shorthand using stroke length and elliptical curves, of uniform thickness.
The dot of a revealed text.
Angled double arrowheads used as quotation marks across much of Europe.
A dot marking nasalisation in Gujarati.
A mark doubling the following consonant.
The other Gurmukhi nasal mark.
A borrowed accent mark.
A recent script for a Himalayan language.
A single triangle marking a half-long sound.
A phonetic alphabet for the hands.
A glottal stop that disappears.
A ring making a p.
Consonant shapes drawn from the mouth.
Letters packed into a square cell.
A script for a stateless language.
A living Philippine abugida.
An Aramaic hand from one city.
Small marks above and below the text, giving melody and syntax.
Hieroglyphs written at speed.
A vertical stem with a mark high on it, for a high pitch.
A rounded letter S laid on its side with an open curve, crossed by two short horizontal strokes, the sign for the Ukrainian hryvnia.
The short stroke that joins parts of one word.
Part alphabet, part syllabary.
Latin shorthand for 'the thing I just cited'.
A Devanagari 'ra' with a doubled horizontal bar, marking the Indian rupee.
Two letters fused into one.
Short inscriptions nobody can read.
A vowel present until cancelled.
The Sasanian hand on rock.
A chancery hand on rock.
A vertical stroke or hash instructing that a space be added.
An elongated S indicating integration in calculus.
A question mark and an exclamation mark superimposed.
The Cree design, carried north.
A letter turned around in the margin.
A small iota written beneath a vowel.
Raised and lowered ticks before a stressed syllable.
A single underline instructing that text be set in italics.
An honorific for the divine name.
A mark separating clauses in Javanese script.
A pre-velar breath mark.
Marks telling the eye to go back.
The clerk's hand of north India.
A bird's foot marking an omission.
An accent distinguishing grammar, not sound.
The velar breath mark in Kannada.
A stroke suppressing a Kannada consonant's vowel.
A script devised in a single year.
Glyphs for keys with no letters.
Two scripts, one still unread.
A mark closing a sentence in Khmer.
A mark suppressing a Khmer consonant's vowel.
A community's script for its own texts.
A mark closing a whole work.
An official Sindhi hand, briefly.
A nasal riding on the next letter.
Music drawn as a keyboard.
A closing ornament.
An inserted letter marking a compound.
The family name written first.
Spaces between words in a block script.
A mark meaning 'again'.
A mark that changes the vowel.
A curl that ended a sentence.
The whole apparatus for reading Chinese.
A turned h, for the French u sound in lui.
The letter w, used in phonetic transcription for a w sound.
A raised letter w marking lip rounding.
A hooked v, for a v-like sound without friction.
A letter v with a rightward hook at the top.
A letter m with a rightward tail on its last leg.
Dots or a rule showing a gap where text is missing entirely.
A Lao silent-letter mark.
A mark above a syllable fixing its tone.
One letter written oversized.
A raised letter l marking release over the tongue sides.
A Javanese raised r.
The bracket system that separates what survives on a stone from what an editor supplied.
A pair of triangles marking a long sound.
Filled brackets for headings.
Syllables rotated into a block.
An open-left hook beneath a letter, marking reduced rounding.
An angle bracket opening to the right, stating that the left value is smaller.
The ancestor of Tifinagh.
A Himalayan script with a full stop of its own.
Slashes showing where the lines of the original object break.
The script Linear B came from, unread.
A short-lived script, recently read.
A seagull shape beneath a letter, marking tongue-to-lip contact.
A low curve joining two sounds without a break.
Rotation applied to Latin capitals.
A script named after a palm leaf.
A vertical stem with a mark low on it, for a low pitch.
A tack pointing down beneath a letter, marking an opener sound.
Letters on lines for the fingers.
A Greek-derived script with extra sounds.
A wave meaning hold it longer.
A merchant's script with no vowels.
A small cross above the letter.
A small vertical stroke above a Thai consonant.
A mark shortening a vowel.
A small curl above the letter.
A small three above the letter.
A mark meaning say it again.
A double vertical bar marking a full prosodic break.
A script with no final consonants.
A letter form for a consonant with no vowel.
A sign standing for 'date'.
Mongolian letters with added dots.
An alphabet that counts vowels as letters.
A script that travelled with a religion.
A small pointing hand in the margin, drawn to say 'look here'.
A dot that makes a silent letter sound.
A Bon liturgical script.
A script for a language across four states.
Dots above letters in the line.
Vowels that hang off consonants.
A script for a language nobody spoke.
A script revived and made official.
A syllabary written right to left.
A read script in an unread language.
A Greek alphabet in the heel of Italy.
A stroke marking secondary stress.
A vertical stem with a mark at mid height, for a middle pitch.
A single vertical bar marking a short prosodic break.
The mathematical sign for subtraction, written as a single horizontal stroke.
The marks of Marathi administration.
A mark opening a text or section.
A gap that is a character.
Simplified raised outlines derived from Roman letters.
An open-right hook beneath a letter, marking extra rounding.
Brackets and arrows instructing that material be moved or aligned.
A commercial hand from the Punjab.
The diagonal cross used to indicate multiplication.
A sign meaning 'the said'.
A mark killing a consonant's vowel in Burmese.
Two strokes closing a passage.
A script made to unify Manding.
Seven marks for tone and length.
The cursive that became Arabic.
A capital letter N crossed by two short horizontal strokes, the sign for the Nigerian naira.
A southern hand for Sanskrit.
A raised letter n marking release through the nose.
A tilde above a letter, marking nasal airflow.
An upsilon shape, for the vowel of English foot.
A small capital Y, for a lax front rounded vowel.
A small capital I, for the vowel of English kit.
A turned a, for a low central vowel.
An a-e ligature, for the vowel of English trap.
[2023] UKSC 15 — a court's own reference, tied to no publisher.
A pilcrow or bracket instructing that a paragraph break be made.
Two angular forms side by side, each an upright with a horizontal arm, joined at the top by a continuous line, the sign for the Israeli new shekel.
A small circle for a nasal.
Dots and lines beneath the letters.
A small corner mark showing an unreleased stop.
A space that refuses to let a line break at it.
A small arc beneath a letter, marking it as not a syllable.
An equals sign struck through by a diagonal stroke, meaning inequality.
A dot beneath a letter, adapting it to a foreign sound.
Two pairs of crossing strokes, used as a number mark, a hash and a musical sharp.
An N with a raised o: 'number', in most of Europe.
A script written by women.
A second Hmong script, in the diaspora.
Two uprights closing a section.
The ancient mark for a line the scholar judged not to belong.
An Odia document invocation.
A mark repeating the preceding character.
Kana carrying the grammar.
A script designed for Santali in 1925.
Angular letters cut for wood.
The alphabet Rome borrowed and kept.
Graffiti across a desert.
Wedges designed, not inherited.
The earlier hand of the Silk Road.
Angular letters cut in stone.
The link between Sogdian and Mongolian.
A turned script a, for the vowel of English lot.
A script a, for the vowel of English father.
A small capital O-E ligature, for a low front rounded vowel.
The letter a, for the vowel of French patte.
An open o, for the vowel of English thought.
A turned v, for the vowel of English strut.
A closed reversed epsilon, for a rounded central vowel.
A reversed epsilon, for the English nurse vowel.
An o-e ligature, for the vowel of French coeur.
An epsilon, for the vowel of English dress.
A Somali alphabet from the 1920s.
An ornament opening a text.
A Javanese full stop.
A syllabary that writes the rime first.
A script that hid its own words.
A mark meaning the rest is cut.
The letter j, used in phonetic transcription for a y sound.
A turned y, for the Italian gli sound.
A letter n with a leftward tail, for the Spanish enye sound.
A raised letter j marking a y-like colouring.
A double-barred vertical stroke, for a palatal click.
A caravan city's own hand.
A mark killing a vowel.
§ for a section, ¶ for a paragraph, doubled for a range.
A line under the line.
Two vertical bars, the fifth mark in the footnote sequence.
A mark of honour over a short form.
A logographic script that became an alphabet.
A percent sign with an extra circle, meaning 'per thousand'.
Two small circles either side of a diagonal stroke, meaning 'per hundred'.
A reversed question mark, proposed for a rhetorical question.
A raised reversed glottal stop marking throat constriction.
A capital letter P crossed by two short horizontal strokes, the sign for the Philippine peso.
Twenty-two letters that travelled.
A Greek alphabet in Anatolia.
The Greek letter used for the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
A reversed P with a doubled stem, marking the start of a paragraph.
The number after the citation, pointing at one paragraph.
Four diacritics drawing the pitch contour.
A phonetic shorthand using stroke thickness and position to carry meaning.
The mathematical sign for addition, written as an upright cross.
A plus sign above a minus stroke, giving a tolerance or two possible values.
A cover over a raised letter.
Vowels placed around a consonant to show tone.
A crossed, looping L, marking pound sterling and other pound currencies.
Straight slanted ticks for feet, inches, minutes and seconds.
A respelling or phonetic notation showing how a word sounds.
The two-part system of textual and marginal marks used to correct a printed proof.
An underline beneath a personal or place name.
The first alphabet, made from pictures.
A vowel written behind the letter.
A script named for one book.
Read this, though it is written that.
A circled question mark asking the author to resolve something.
A hooked stroke above a dot, marking a question.
Paired marks enclosing reported speech.
An honorific for a companion.
A line meaning no dot.
A tack pointing up beneath a letter, marking a closer sound.
An r tucked beneath its consonant.
A black bead in the margin.
Party names, year, court, report — in an order that differs by country.
A small starred cross used in Japanese and Chinese text for a note.
A superscript capital R inside a circle (®), used only for marks formally registered with a national trademark office.
A Sumatran script of few letters.
The Sinhala raised r.
An r that climbs onto the next letter.
A black diamond containing a white question mark.
A minus sign beneath a letter, marking a backer articulation.
A turned r with a rightward tail.
A tap letter with a rightward tail, for a retroflex flap.
A letter l with a rightward tail.
A letter n with a rightward tail, for a retroflex n sound.
A small hook marking an r-coloured vowel.
A heaped-jewel bar.
A Khmer raised r.
Chords numbered by degree.
Glyphs from Easter Island, unread.
A script that is not read.
Letters the editor supplies to spell out an abbreviation the writer used.
A capital letter P with a closed bowl, crossed by a single short horizontal stroke at the foot of its stem, the sign for the Russian ruble.
A dot deciding hard or soft.
Monumental letters of severe geometry.
Stop the voice, keep the breath.
A whole blessing in one character.
The older Hebrew letters, still in use.
A script for a migrant community.
An upside-down e, for the unstressed vowel of English about.
A lowered vertical stroke before a lightly stressed syllable.
Two interlocking S shapes, used to cite a numbered section of a text.
A dot above a comma, joining related clauses.
Dots instead of italics.
The upright that closes a line.
A small w-shaped mark above a letter, doubling it.
An alphabet built to fit English sounds.
Two dots meaning little or nothing.
The line the letters hang from.
A single continuous stroke standing for a whole word in a shorthand system.
Characters written in mirror image.
A note that an oddity was in the original and is not a printing error.
A script from one city, barely read.
A word in capitals standing as a label for a sign, not a translation of it.
A two-dimensional script recording handshape, movement and facial expression.
A mark suppressing a Sinhala consonant's vowel.
An invisible mark that says where a word may break.
The script that turned the page sideways.
A language written in seven syllables.
A script attributed to a revelation, in 1936.
The script behind a national emblem.
A circled abbreviation or numeral instructing that it be written in full.
Square means the year is needed to find it; round means it is not.
Text inside them is gone from the object and supplied by the editor.
Anything inside them was changed by the person quoting.
A hooked stroke with a horizontal bar, indicating a root of a number.
The Tibetan stack instead of a virama.
s 3(2)(a) — section, subsection, paragraph, in a fixed hierarchy.
A group of keys pressed together on a stenotype machine to write one syllable.
Dots under cancelled text with the word stet, restoring it.
Three parameters in a line.
Affirmed, reversed, overruled — whether the case is still good law.
A small circle above a letter, marking no vowel.
The capital Greek sigma, used to indicate a sum over a series.
A script revived by regulation.
An alphabet for a small Himalayan community.
A vertical stroke above the syllable.
A script for a language called a dialect.
A vertical stroke beneath a letter, marking a syllable nucleus.
A dot above the line marking a pause.
Two competing vowel systems.
A Palawan script held by few.
A script for scripture in the north.
A script crossing a national border.
Ditto, in Tamil.
Three dots in a triangle, a distinctive Tamil letter.
A date abbreviation in one glyph.
The word 'month' as a glyph.
A marker for 'number'.
A dot above a letter suppressing its vowel.
The word 'year' as a glyph.
One script for many varieties.
Thousands of characters, all invented at once.
A doubled vowel mark meaning -n.
The oldest writing in western Europe.
Vowels written above and below.
A horizontal stroke stretching a joined letter.
An alphabetic shorthand built from simplified letter shapes, used by journalists.
A stroke suppressing a Telugu consonant's vowel.
A capital letter T with a second horizontal bar below its crossbar, the sign for the Kazakhstani tenge.
A mark showing a consonant carries no vowel.
A small mark above a letter, silencing it.
One language written three ways.
Three dots in an upward-pointing triangle, introducing a conclusion.
Geometric letters of the Amazigh.
A wavy horizontal stroke with several unrelated uses.
A small nasal hook.
A mark resembling a small seven, standing for 'and' in Latin and Irish.
A wave over a shortened sacred word.
A mark silencing a letter.
Pitch written as digits.
Letters for degrees, not for pitches.
A script for a very small community.
A superscript 'TM' (™), used to indicate a claimed but not necessarily registered trademark.
Letters strung down a vertical line.
A looping stroke swapping two adjacent letters or words.
A small raised dot separating syllables.
A letter L leaning to the right with an upward hook at the foot, crossed by two short strokes rising to the right, the sign for the Turkish lira.
Letters made with both hands.
The marks that are not letters, and why so many of them look alike.
The high tone, usually left unmarked.
An alphabet written in wedges.
A crescent and dot for the sacred.
A dot beneath a letter: visible on the object but not certainly that letter.
A capital for every English sound.
A pre-labial breath mark.
An upward arrow marking a raised pitch register.
A third transcription tradition.
A small capital N, for a nasal made at the uvula.
A small capital R, for a trill made at the uvula.
A note that a blank space on the object is deliberate, not damage.
Africa's first indigenous syllabary.
A Telugu consonant-cluster hook.
An invisible character choosing between glyph forms.
A breath mark in recitation.
A drawn-out tone mark.
A turned m with a long right leg.
A small capital L, for a lateral made at the soft palate.
A letter n with a descending tail, for the ng sound.
A raised gamma marking a dark colouring.
An alphabet that punctuated its syllables.
A single upright stroke, used as a separator and an operator.
Five marks over a Latin alphabet.
A short slanting stroke beneath a consonant.
Two stacked dots marking a breathy final sound.
A second Albanian invention.
The letter z, used in phonetic transcription for a z sound.
A letter d with a leftward hook at the top.
A lezh, for a voiced lateral fricative.
The letter d, used in phonetic transcription for a d sound.
A Greek beta, for a voiced sound made between the lips.
A letter b with a leftward hook at the top.
The letter b, used in phonetic transcription for a b sound.
An eth, a crossed d, for the th sound of English this.
A small wedge beneath a letter, marking it as voiced.
A hooked h, for a breathy h sound.
The letter v, used in phonetic transcription for a v sound.
A curled j, for a voiced sound made at the hard palate.
A dotless j with a crossbar and a hook.
A dotless j with a crossbar, for a voiced palatal stop.
A reversed glottal stop letter, for the Arabic ayin.
An ezh, for the s sound in English measure.
A letter z with a rightward tail, for a retroflex z.
A letter d with a rightward tail, for a retroflex d sound.
An inverted small capital R, for the French r.
A small capital G with a leftward hook.
A small capital G, for a voiced uvular stop.
A gamma-like letter, for a voiced sound at the soft palate.
A letter g with a leftward hook at the top.
A single-storey script g, for a hard g sound.
The letter s, used in phonetic transcription for an s sound.
A belted l, for the Welsh double-l sound.
The letter t, used in phonetic transcription for a t sound.
A Greek phi, for air forced between the lips.
The letter p, used in phonetic transcription for a p sound.
A Greek theta, for the th sound of English thin.
A small ring beneath a letter, marking it as voiceless.
The letter h, used in phonetic transcription for an h sound.
A turned w, for the wh sound of some English accents.
The letter f, used in phonetic transcription for an f sound.
A c with a cedilla, for the German ich sound.
The letter c, used in phonetic transcription for a palatal stop.
A crossed h, for a constricted sound in the throat.
A long s, for the sh sound of English ship.
A letter s with a rightward tail, for a retroflex s.
A letter t with a rightward tail, for a retroflex t sound.
A Greek chi, for a rasping sound at the uvula.
The letter q, used in phonetic transcription for a uvular stop.
The letter x, for the ch sound of Scottish loch.
The letter k, used in phonetic transcription for a k sound.
An alphabet devised in the 2000s.
Continuing allowed, stopping better.
Stopping allowed, continuing better.
A script attributed to a revelation.
A wavy line joining a range.
A language whistled across a valley.
A Javanese final h.
A capital letter W crossed by two short horizontal strokes, the sign for the South Korean won.
A circled 'wf' marking a character set in the wrong typeface.
A capital Y crossed by one or two horizontal strokes.
A mark for a letter left out.
A script for a closed tradition.
A thousand syllables, standardised.
An ornate head mark opening a Tibetan text.
The closing half of a head ornament.
Mongolian written in Tibetan blocks.
The oldest writing in the Americas.
An invisible character forcing two characters to join.
Thirty-seven symbols annotating Mandarin sound.
Peace upon a prophet.
A letter marking a reading unit.