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The whole apparatus for reading Chinese.
Also known as: Kanbun kundoku marks, Reading marks
The Japanese system of marks added around a Chinese text to make it readable as Japanese.
Combines reordering marks, inflectional kana and readings so that a Chinese text can be read aloud as Japanese.
Contexts: Language and transcription
Three separate annotation layers around one line of characters, each occupying its own position, so position alone tells a reader which layer a mark belongs to.
Contexts: Language and transcription
Let Japanese scholarship work directly in classical Chinese for over a millennium without translating it, which is a different relationship to a foreign language than any European tradition developed.
Contexts: Language and transcription
A layered set of small marks around the characters: reorder marks at the lower left, grammatical kana at the lower right, and readings above.
The reorder marks are one of the three layers of the kunten apparatus.